Friday, December 16, 2016

Certified Wireless Technology Specialist (CWTS) and Basic RF Math

There is a simple way to perform any RF math calculation without having to use logarithms and mathematical formulas. This method is known as the 3s and 10s Rule (or sometimes the 10s and 3s Rule). If you remind five basic steps you can perform any RF math calculations. The five basic steps are as follows:

* 0 dBm = 1 mW (starting point)

* Increase by 3 dBm and power in mW doubles or x 2

* Decrease by 3 dBm and power in mW is cut in half or /2

* Increase by 10 dBm and power in mW is multiplied by 10 or x 10

* Decrease by 10 dBm and power in mW is divided by 10 or /10


I was towards the end of my CWNA studies when I discovered on CWNP's website that the CTWS (PW0-071) entry-level exam is a lifetime certificate unlike the CWNA (CWNA-106) which is valid for only 3 years. The thought of having a lifetime cert is so tempting that I booked for CWTS exam instead and will take CWNA early next year. You'll need to go to Pearson VUE's website to register and schedule for a CWNP exam. Once registered, your login will be sent to your email within 24 hours.


To schedule for a CWNP exam, go to For test takers > Schedule an exam.



Type and search for: CWNP



Click Sign in and login using the auto generated account sent via email. You’ll need to change the default password upon initial login.
 



Click View Exams > CWNP > click the specific exam to be taken.
 



Click Schedule this Exam.
 


Search and choose for a nearest testing center and click Next.



Choose your preferred date and time slot and click Proceed to Checkout.







The login for the CWNP website is different from the login used in Pearson VUE (to book for CWNP exam). To Create a new login go to the CWNP website > Member Login > Create a CWNP Account.




Fill up your personal info and click CREATE A NEW ACCOUNT. The initial password will be sent to your registered email (mine went to Junk Email folder).
 



You can change the password in CWNP portal by clicking Change your password > tick I want to change my password > type your New Password (twice for confirmation) and click Change Password >>.
 



To verify exam and download your CWNP certificates, go to My Account > Certificates. My CWTS wasn't initially there so I emailed customercare@cwnp.com to check my certificate status. They replied and updated my profile within the day. Click View PDF under Certificate.



CWNP doesn't ship a hard copy cert so you'll need to download and print it yourself. Here's how the CWTS look like. The cool thing about this cert is that it's LIFETIME.


Friday, December 9, 2016

Performing Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) on a Cisco Switch

I was troubleshooting some lightweight APs that were connected on a Cisco 3650 PoE switch and two of them can't seem to associate with the WLC. I've checked the WLC config is correct since three APs were registered and wireless clients got associated to them. So I troubleshoot the switch to see if there's any Layer 1 or Layer 2 issues but it can't detect the said APs. I tried to move the AP to another port on the switch but it's still down when I do a show cdp neighbor command.

Switch#show interface status

Port      Name               Status       Vlan       Duplex  Speed Type
Gi1/0/1   | AP |             notconnect   1            auto   auto 10/100/1000BaseTX
Gi1/0/2   | AP |             connected    1          a-full a-1000 10/100/1000BaseTX
Gi1/0/3   | AP |             connected    1          a-full a-1000 10/100/1000BaseTX
Gi1/0/4   | AP |             notconnect   1            auto   auto 10/100/1000BaseTX
Gi1/0/5   | AP |             connected    1          a-full a-1000 10/100/1000BaseTX

Switch#show cdp neighbor
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
                  S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone,
                  D - Remote, C - CVTA, M - Two-port Mac Relay

Device ID        Local Intrfce     Holdtme    Capability  Platform  Port ID
sw03         Gig 1/1/2         169              S I   WS-C3560- Gig 0/1
ap03         Gig 1/0/3         164              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1
ap02         Gig 1/0/2         173              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1
ap05         Gig 1/0/5         143              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1

Switch#show power inline

Module   Available     Used     Remaining
          (Watts)     (Watts)    (Watts)
------   ---------   --------   ---------
1           390.0       77.0       313.0
Interface Admin  Oper       Power   Device              Class Max
                            (Watts)                           
--------- ------ ---------- ------- ------------------- ----- ----
Gi1/0/1   auto   on         15.4    Ieee PD             3     30.0
Gi1/0/2   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/3   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/4   auto   on         15.4    Ieee PD             3     30.0
Gi1/0/5   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0


Switch#show version

<OUTPUT TRUNCATED>

Switch Ports Model              SW Version        SW Image              Mode  
------ ----- -----              ----------        ----------            ----  
*    1 52    WS-C3650-48PS      03.06.04.E        cat3k_caa-universalk9 INSTALL


There's a built-in Time Domain Reflectometer (TDR) feature on a Cisco switch which is similar to what a cable tester does. The switch detected an "open" circuit where the problematic APs are connected. This could mean the cable is broken or there's no pin contact (due to improper crimp). Below is a summary and meaning for the cable pair status output:


Switch#test cable ?
  tdr  test TDR on interface

Switch#test cable tdr ?
  interface  Specify an interface for test

Switch#test cable tdr interface ?
  GigabitEthernet  GigabitEthernet IEEE 802.3z

Switch#test cable tdr interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
TDR test started on interface Gi1/0/1
A TDR test can take a few seconds to run on an interface
Use 'show cable-diagnostics tdr' to read the TDR results.

Switch#show cable-diagnostics ?
  tdr  show TDR result

Switch#show cable-diagnostics tdr ?
  interface  Specify an interface for result

Switch#show cable-diagnostics tdr interface ?
  GigabitEthernet  GigabitEthernet IEEE 802.3z

Switch#show cable-diagnostics tdr interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
TDR test last run on: September 06 06:00:24

Interface Speed Local pair Pair length        Remote pair Pair status
--------- ----- ---------- ------------------ ----------- --------------------
Gi1/0/1   auto  Pair A     5    +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair B     4    +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair C     5    +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair D     3    +/- 5  meters N/A         Open 

Switch#test cable tdr interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2   // AP IS NORMALLY DETECTED ON THIS PORT; THE WORKING PORT WILL BOUNCE IF TDR IS PERFORMED
TDR test started on interface Gi1/0/2
A TDR test can take a few seconds to run on an interface
Use 'show cable-diagnostics tdr' to read the TDR results.
Switch#
Sep  6 06:02:28.021: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2,
changed state to down
Sep  6 06:02:29.023: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2, changed state to down
Sep  6 06:02:31.913: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2, changed state to up
Sep  6 06:02:32.911: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2,
changed state to up

Switch#show cable-diagnostics tdr interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2     
TDR test last run on: September 06 06:02:26

Interface Speed Local pair Pair length        Remote pair Pair status
--------- ----- ---------- ------------------ ----------- --------------------
Gi1/0/2   1000M Pair A     17   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair B     15   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair C     15   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair D     15   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal   


I moved the APs to another port but it's still down.

Switch#show power inline                                          

Module   Available     Used     Remaining
          (Watts)     (Watts)    (Watts)
------   ---------   --------   ---------
1           390.0       77.0       313.0
Interface Admin  Oper       Power   Device              Class Max
                            (Watts)                           
--------- ------ ---------- ------- ------------------- ----- ----
Gi1/0/1   auto   on         15.4    Ieee PD             3     30.0
Gi1/0/2   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/3   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/4   auto   off        0.0     n/a                 n/a   30.0
Gi1/0/5   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/6   auto   on         15.4    Ieee PD             3     30.0

Switch#test cable tdr interface GigabitEthernet1/0/6
TDR test started on interface Gi1/0/6
A TDR test can take a few seconds to run on an interface
Use 'show cable-diagnostics tdr' to read the TDR results.

Switch#show cable-diagnostics tdr interface GigabitEthernet1/0/6
TDR test last run on: September 06 06:18:46

Interface Speed Local pair Pair length        Remote pair Pair status
--------- ----- ---------- ------------------ ----------- --------------------
Gi1/0/6   auto  Pair A     42   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair B     39   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal             
                Pair C     40   +/- 5  meters N/A         Open     // SAME TDR RESULT ON PORT G1/0/4 
                Pair D     42   +/- 10 meters N/A         Normal


So I asked a tech to replace the cable run from the patch panel in the main server room going to the wall jack where the AP is mounted. I was able to detect the other AP by just moving the cable to another port on the patch panel.

Switch#show power inline

Module   Available     Used     Remaining
          (Watts)     (Watts)    (Watts)
------   ---------   --------   ---------
1           390.0       77.0       313.0
Interface Admin  Oper       Power   Device              Class Max
                            (Watts)                           
--------- ------ ---------- ------- ------------------- ----- ----
Gi1/0/1   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0    
Gi1/0/2   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/3   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/4   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0
Gi1/0/5   auto   on         15.4    AIR-CAP1602E-E-K9   3     30.0

Switch#show cdp neighbor
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
                  S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater, P - Phone,
                  D - Remote, C - CVTA, M - Two-port Mac Relay

Device ID        Local Intrfce     Holdtme    Capability  Platform  Port ID
ap03         Gig 1/0/3         165              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1
ap02         Gig 1/0/2         129              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1
ap01         Gig 1/0/1         174              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1
ap05         Gig 1/0/5         171              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1
ap04         Gig 1/0/4         175              R T   AIR-CAP16 Gig 0.1